Epiretinal Membrane SALIENT FEATURES Epiretinal membrane (ERM), also termed “macular pucker,” is a common condition that arises from fibrocellular proliferation at the vitreoretinal interface.1 ERM is most commonly idiopathic and…
Full-Thickness Macular Hole SALIENT FEATURES Full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) is a full-thickness defect resulting in absence of all retinal layers from the internal limiting membrane to retinal pigment epithelium at…
Vitreomacular Adhesion and the Normal Vitreoretinal Interface SALIENT FEATURES The vitreous includes an outer cortex of primarily type 2 collagen (ie, the posterior hyaloid) that attaches the posterior vitreous body…
Uveal Effusion Syndrome SALIENT FEATURES Uveal effusion syndrome is defined by an idiopathic ciliochoroidal effusion, which may be accompanied by concomitant serous retinal detachment (Figure 29.1).1 This typically occurs in…
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy SALIENT FEATURES Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR or CSR) is associated with corticosteroid use, elevated levels of endogenous steroids, stress, and “type A” personalities. Acute cases are generally…
Dome-Shaped Macula SALIENT FEATURES Dome-shaped macula (DSM) is a forward macular bulging present in select patients with high myopia, with a prevalence of 20% of highly myopic eyes in Japan…
Myopic Degeneration SALIENT FEATURES Myopic degeneration may occur in eyes that typically have a refractive error exceeding -6.00D or axial length of at least 26.5 mm along with posterior pathology…
Angioid Streaks SALIENT FEATURES Angioid streaks (AS) are linear breaks in Bruch membrane that typically radiate from the optic disc and take on a deep red, brown, or gray appearance….
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy SALIENT FEATURES Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), described by Yannuzzi in 1982, manifests clinically as dilated and branching inner choroidal vessels terminating in reddish-orange aneurysm-like lesions called “polyps”…
Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration SALIENT FEATURES Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual impairment in patients older than of 55 years in industrialized countries.1 Neovascular AMD…
