Case History An accurate recording of the patient´s history will gather significant information that will determine further diagnostic investigation and work-up. It is important to gain information on the following…
Etiology Endocrine orbitopathy (EO) is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’s disease and/or autoimmune thyroid disease. The EO can occur before, during, or after the onset of the thyroid…
Retinoblastoma Epidemiology The retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular tumor in childhood, with an incidence of approximately one new case in 18–20,000 live births/year. Thus in Germany there are 60…
Inflammatory Diseases Hordeolum/Chalazion A hordeolum is an acute bacterial infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid. If the sebaceous glands adjoining the ciliary follicles are infected, it is termed…
Anatomical Considerations The tear film is important for the integrity of the ocular surface and thus for sight. It consists of three parts: mucin, water, and lipid, which are produced…
Topographical Anatomy of the Orbit 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Shape, Borders, Orifices, and Topographical Relations 1.3 Protective Apparatus of the Eye 1.4 Contents of the Orbit 1.5 Topography of Pathways Located…
Cause Frequency Falls 10–38% Sports accidents 5–31% Assaults 4–41% Traffic accidents 12–59% Work accidents 0.8–5% Others 0.8–3% Injury mechanisms are highly dependent on locoregional features. While in Innsbruck (Austria) and…
Endonasal Transethmoidal Approach (Medial Orbitotomy) H.-J. Welkoborsky This is a classic rhinosurgical approach. 18.2.1 Indications The indications for this approach are peribulbar and intraconal retrobulbar space-occupying masses, abscesses, aspergillomas, or vascular…
Observations on Classification The orbit is affected by diverse diseases with a significant emphasis on inflammatory reactive changes ( ▶ Table 9.1). Table 9.1 Distribution of orbital diseases (Rootman, 1988) Disease…
Principles of Orbital Reconstruction Both congenital and acquired orbital deformities can necessitate reconstructive treatment of the orbit. However, this does not mean that functional impairments, such as diplopia, are always…
