Infectious Inflammatory Diseases
3 Infectious Inflammatory Diseases ENDOPHTHALMITIS Meera D. Sivalingam, MD and Sunir J. Garg, MD, FACS Inflammation of vitreous and aqueous, typically due to an infection Exogenous: most common type, categorized…
Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases
4 Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS Rebecca R. Soares, MD, MPH and Sonia Mehta, MD Characterized by multifocal chorioretinal inflammatory lesions that leave pigmented fibrotic scars; typically bilateral and not…
Peripheral Retinal Diseases
9 Peripheral Retinal Diseases RETINAL TEARS Elisabeth Maureen Sledz, MD and John D. Pitcher III, MD Most common after posterior vitreous detachment (PVD); up to 20% of symptomatic PVD may…
Trauma-Related Retinopathies
7 Trauma-Related Retinopathies COMMOTIO RETINAE Musa Abdelaziz, MD and Eric D. Weichel, MD Self-limited opacification of retina secondary to direct blunt ocular trauma Signs and Symptoms Decreased vision, pain after…
Drug-Related Retinopathies
8 Drug-Related Retinopathies CRYSTALLINE RETINOPATHY Hannah Levin, BS and Jason Hsu, MD Crystalline deposits in retina of variable distribution depending on associated condition (Figure 8-1 and Table 8-1) Signs and…
Retinal Degenerations and Dystrophies
5 Retinal Degenerations and Dystrophies RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA Tomas S. Aleman, MD Molecularly heterogeneous group of inherited outer retinal degenerations that causes a bilateral, slowly progressive, pigmentary retinopathy Prevalence: Approximately 1:3500…
Vestibular Principles and Pathways Review
1 Vestibular Principles and Pathways Review SENSORY MODALITIES OF BALANCE CONTROL The balance system coordinates compensatory eye, head, and body movements allowing for clear vision with head and body activities,…
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Diagnosis and Treatment
4 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Diagnosis and Treatment OVERVIEW Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) causes discrete episodes of vertigo provoked with gravitational changes in position such as rolling from…
Electronystagmography (ENG)/Videonystagmography (VNG)
5 Electronystagmography (ENG)/Videonystagmography (VNG) OVERVIEW Electronystagmography (ENG)/videonystagmography (VNG) utilizes two-dimensional (2D) eye movement recordings to indirectly examine the following: (1) peripheral vestibular function (e.g., low frequency horizontal semicircular canals (SCCs)…
Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP)
9 Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) OVERVIEW The human postural control system is uniquely designed to maintain the center of gravity (COG) over a small base of support (BOS) by integrating…
