Giant Retinal Tear
13.1 Features Giant retinal tears (GRTs) are full-thickness breaks in the retina extending for more than 3 clock hours (▶ Fig. 13.1). Patients with a GRT present with symptoms associated with…
Vitreomacular Traction
10.1 Features Vitreomacular traction (VMT) is characterized by an incomplete posterior vitreous detachment and persistent adherence between the posterior hyaloid and the retinal surface causing architectural changes of the neurosensory retina…
Lattice Degeneration
17.1 Features Lattice degeneration is a peripheral retinal condition in which there is retinal thinning, possible hyalinization of retinal vessels creating a “lattice” appearance, and increased vitreoretinal adhesion. Patients with lattice…
Retinal Dialysis
14.1 Features A retinal dialysis is defined histologically and clinically as a separation between the neurosensory retina and the nonpigmented pars plana epithelium at the ora serrata (▶ Fig. 14.1). While…
Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography
5.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows the surgeon to view the surgical field from a different perspective than a standard ophthalmic microscope. Intraoperative OCT offers excellent resolution for…
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
7.1 Features Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is the separation between the posterior vitreous cortex and the internal limiting membrane of the retina. Usually it occurs after the fifth decade of life,…
Fluorescein Angiography
2.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Sodium fluorescein is an orange–red hydrocarbon molecule that circulates in the vasculature, 80% protein bound and 20% nonprotein bound. Nonprotein bound fluorescein will diffuse through fenestrated and leaky…
Retinal Tears and Holes
11.1 Features Retinal breaks are any full thickness disruption in the sensory retina providing a conduit for fluid to enter the potential space between the sensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium…
Case Studies
Case Studies 8 INNER RETINAL PATHOLOGY Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy CASE 1 History 57-year-old black male presents for a diabetic eye exam. Type 2 diabetes mellitus x 10 years. Blood sugar…
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Technology
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Technology 2 EN FACE ANGIOGRAMS Inner Retina Figure 2-1. (A) Superficial capillary plexus. Slab: Internal limiting membrane (ILM) to inner plexiform layer (IPL) -10 μm. (B)…
