Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
21.1 Features Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is a rare but serious disease. While our understanding of this entity has improved, OIS is still often misdiagnosed or missed on initial clinical exam….
Retinoschisis
16.1 Features Retinoschisis is a pathological retinal condition characterized by abnormal splitting of the neural retina. There are many categories and pathophysiological conditions that cause retinoschisis. General classification of retinoschisis can…
Cobblestone Degeneration
44.1 Features Pavingstone (cobblestone) degeneration is a peripheral retinal degeneration characterized by multiple rounded, punched-out areas of chorioretinal atrophy with prominent underlying choroidal vessels and pigmented borders (▶ Fig. 44.1). Lesions…
Fundus Autofluorescence
6.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a noninvasive imaging modality which is used to record the retinal and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) autofluorescence (AF). Lipofuscin, which is a mixture of…
Retinal Artery Occlusion
20.1 Features Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) typically occurs due to embolism or thrombosis, resulting in either branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) or central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Vision loss is often…
Adult Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy
33.1 Features Adult vitelliform macular dystrophy (AVMD) is generally regarded as a separate entity from juvenile-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy or Best Disease. AVMD has also been known by several other names,…
Indocyanine Green Angiography
3.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Indocyanine green (ICG) is a dye used for visualizing the choroidal circulation. During testing, 25 mg of ICG dye in 5 mL of water is injected intravenously with…
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
15.1 Features Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a disease where epiretinal membranes form on the surface of the retina, creating traction and ultimately retinal detachment (RD). PVR is the most common cause…
Epiretinal Membrane
8.1 Features Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) are essentially cellular proliferations on the surface of the macula and often appear after posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). They may be asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally…
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
22.1 Features Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) are acquired, saccular or fusiform dilatations of large retinal arterioles, usually within the first three orders of bifurcation. The diameter of dilatation is typically within…
