Retinoblastoma
Features Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy with an incidence of approximately 1:15,000 births. The tumor suppressor RB1 gene is known to be key in the development…
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
Features Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome is a multisystem inflammatory condition affecting the eye, skin, inner ear, and meninges. The condition is characterized by ocular inflammation in association with patchy depigmentation of…
Syphilitic Uveitis
55.1 Features Syphilitic uveitis is frequently the presenting manifestation of systemic syphilis caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. Primary syphilis is the first stage where patients develop a painless chancre,…
Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema
18.1 Features Diabetic retinopathy (DR) represents a retinal microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and is the foremost cause of preventable vision loss in working age adults; its prevalence has been…
Hamartomas of the Retina: Astrocytic and Retina/Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Features Hamartomas are benign, focal malformations that resemble neoplasms from the tissue of its origin. They can develop throughout the body in many organs such as the skin, brain, eye,…
Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy
Common Symptoms Patients are often asymptomatic when hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy is found during screening given the initial decrease in vision is paracentral to fixation. Sometimes patients may notice changes in…
Dislocated Lens
Features Dislocated lenses, including both crystalline lenses and intraocular lens implants (IOL), can prove to be interesting cases for which there are a variety of options for surgical management. They…
Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Common Symptoms Clinical symptoms are typically consistent with uveitis, including blurry vision, conjunctival injection, and ocular irritation. Other symptoms of sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) include photophobia in the sympathizing (nontraumatic) eye,…
Ocular Sarcoidosis
Features Sarcoidosis, a granulomatous inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, can affect almost every organ, including the eye. Ocular involvement can be the presenting manifestation of the disease, requiring astute ophthalmic…
Bacterial Endophthalmitis
50.1 Features 50.1.1 Endogenous Endophthalmitis Endogenous endophthalmitis results from the hematogenous spread of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, or mycobacteria) from distant foci to intraocular structures and accounts for 2 to 8% of all…
