Drug-Related Retinopathies
8 Drug-Related Retinopathies CRYSTALLINE RETINOPATHY Hannah Levin, BS and Jason Hsu, MD Crystalline deposits in retina of variable distribution depending on associated condition (Figure 8-1 and Table 8-1) Signs and…
Retinal Degenerations and Dystrophies
5 Retinal Degenerations and Dystrophies RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA Tomas S. Aleman, MD Molecularly heterogeneous group of inherited outer retinal degenerations that causes a bilateral, slowly progressive, pigmentary retinopathy Prevalence: Approximately 1:3500…
Vestibular Principles and Pathways Review
1 Vestibular Principles and Pathways Review SENSORY MODALITIES OF BALANCE CONTROL The balance system coordinates compensatory eye, head, and body movements allowing for clear vision with head and body activities,…
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Diagnosis and Treatment
4 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Diagnosis and Treatment OVERVIEW Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) causes discrete episodes of vertigo provoked with gravitational changes in position such as rolling from…
Electronystagmography (ENG)/Videonystagmography (VNG)
5 Electronystagmography (ENG)/Videonystagmography (VNG) OVERVIEW Electronystagmography (ENG)/videonystagmography (VNG) utilizes two-dimensional (2D) eye movement recordings to indirectly examine the following: (1) peripheral vestibular function (e.g., low frequency horizontal semicircular canals (SCCs)…
Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP)
9 Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) OVERVIEW The human postural control system is uniquely designed to maintain the center of gravity (COG) over a small base of support (BOS) by integrating…
Rotational Chair Test (RCT)
6 Rotational Chair Test (RCT) OVERVIEW The rotational chair test (RCT) is a natural and repeatable multi-frequency stimulation of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR; Barin, 2009). Specifically, the RCT is a…
Video Head Impulse Test (VHIT)
7 Video Head Impulse Test (VHIT) OVERVIEW The concept of head impulse testing (HIT) was introduced in 1988 as a bedside measure of semicircular canal (SCC) paresis (Halmagyi & Curthoys,…
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMPs)
8 Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMP) OVERVIEW Bickford, Jacobson, & Cody (1964) first recorded a sound-induced potential from an electrode placed at the inion, which was modulated with neck electromyography…
Report Writing and Medical Referral Guide
11 Report Writing and Medical Referral Guide OVERVIEW Components of the medical report should outline the overall justification of medical necessity and skilled services used to render diagnosis. The American…
