Infection 22.2.1 Historical Perspective Historically acute airway infection was a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Airway obstruction due to upper respiratory infections was an important cause of child…
Conductive/mixed/sensorineural hearing loss Bone conduction hearing devices: Percutaneous Transcutaneous (active/passive) Active middle ear implants: Semi-implantable Totally implantable Severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss Cochlear implant Auditory brainstem implant 15.2 Bone Conduction Hearing Devices…
Introduction 24.1.1 Development of the Pharyngeal Arches In a developing embryo, the most typical features in the head and neck region are the external clefts that are part of the “branchial”…
Neck Masses in Children Who Are Acutely Unwell 25.2.1 Clinical Assessment In a child who presents acutely with pain, fever, malaise, and a neck mass, the most likely cause is infection,…
Indications Tracheostomy is used to bypass an obstructed upper airway ( ▶ Fig. 23.1; ▶ Table 23.1 a). It reduces the respiratory “dead space” and permits easier instrumentation, including suctioning,…
Acute Otitis Media AOM is defined as a condition with acute inflammation of the ME cleft and the presence of an effusion, and is associated with the onset of the…
Physics of Airway Obstruction 20.2.1 Resistance to Airflow Poiseuille’s law (Box 20.1) explains changes that occur as fluid (liquid or gas) passes through a tube. It describes the relationship between pressure…
Epidemiology and Prevalence Hearing loss is the most common sensorineural deficit. Bilateral hearing loss ≥ 40 dB HL is present in 1.33 per 1,000 newborns. When unilateral hearing loss is…
Perforation 9.2.1 Prevalence and Classification Perforation of the eardrum is a common childhood event (see ▶ 7). Box 9.1 shows the causes of TM perforations in children. The most common is…
Congenital Disorders 28.2.1 Tracheoesophageal Fistula Anatomy, Prevalence, and Associations Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) describes an abnormal communication between the trachea and the esophagus. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 1,400 live births….
