Ento Key

Indications Tracheostomy is used to bypass an obstructed upper airway ( ▶ Fig. 23.1; ▶ Table 23.1 a). It reduces the respiratory “dead space” and permits easier instrumentation, including suctioning,…

Acute Otitis Media AOM is defined as a condition with acute inflammation of the ME cleft and the presence of an effusion, and is associated with the onset of the…

Physics of Airway Obstruction 20.2.1 Resistance to Airflow Poiseuille’s law (Box 20.1) explains changes that occur as fluid (liquid or gas) passes through a tube. It describes the relationship between pressure…

Epidemiology and Prevalence Hearing loss is the most common sensorineural deficit. Bilateral hearing loss ≥ 40 dB HL is present in 1.33 per 1,000 newborns. When unilateral hearing loss is…

Perforation 9.2.1 Prevalence and Classification Perforation of the eardrum is a common childhood event (see ▶ 7). Box 9.1 shows the causes of TM perforations in children. The most common is…

Congenital Disorders 28.2.1 Tracheoesophageal Fistula Anatomy, Prevalence, and Associations Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) describes an abnormal communication between the trachea and the esophagus. The prevalence is approximately 1 in 1,400 live births….

Congenital hearing losses with onset in childhood, rather than at birth, arise from genetic susceptibility to deterioration in cochlear hearing levels over time. This may be hearing loss in isolation…

Anatomy of the Facial Nerve The facial nerve is a second pharyngeal (hyoid) arch derivative and therefore supplies structures derived from the same arch. 3 These include the muscles of…

Tongue-Tie (Ankyloglossia) 18.2.1 Definition and Prevalence This is a congenital condition in which the lingual frenulum is abnormally short, resulting in reduced mobility of the tip of the tongue ( ▶…

Etiology of Pediatric Nasal Obstruction The major causes of nasal obstruction in children are listed in ▶ Table 16.1. Some are dealt with in more detail in Chapter 17 but…