10.1055/b-0038-162756 4.1 Rhinologic Emergencies 4.1.1 Acute Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis Key Features A rapidly progressive sinonasal fungal infection can be fatal. Acute invasive fungal infections occur almost exclusively in immunocompromised or…
10.1055/b-0038-162755 4.0 Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses The external nose consists of the nasal pyramid (frontal process of the maxilla), with the paired nasal bones forming…
10.1055/b-0038-162754 3.10 Otologic Manifestations of Systemic Diseases Key Features Many systemic diseases may affect the vestibulocochlear system. Otologic manifestations can be the presenting signs of systemic disease. A high index…
10.1055/b-0038-162752 3.8 Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors Key Features The most common tumors of the cerebellopontine angle are vestibular schwannomas, followed by meningiomas and epidermoids. Treatment options depend on the etiology but…
10.1055/b-0038-162753 3.9 Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome Key Features Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) occurs when there is an absence of intact bone overlying the superior semicircular canal. Presentation can…
10.1055/b-0038-162750 3.6 Vertigo 3.6.1 Balance Assessment Key Features Electronystagmography (ENG) Rotational chair Dynamic post urography Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) Balance involves three components: (1) sensory input from the visual,…
10.1055/b-0038-162751 3.7 Tinnitus Key Features Tinnitus is the perception of sound without an unrelated external source of sound. Retrocochlear pathology in unilateral tinnitus must be excluded. Vascular anomalies and neoplasms…
10.1055/b-0038-162748 3.4 Audiology 3.4.1 Basic Audiologic Assessments Key Features Pure tone testing—air and bone conduction thresholds Speech testing—speech reception thresholds (SRT) and word recognition ability Immittance battery—tympanometry, acoustic reflex thresholds,…
10.1055/b-0038-162749 3.5 Hearing Loss 3.5.1 Conductive Hearing Loss Key Features Conductive hearing loss (CHL) occurs when sound is not efficiently transmitted through the external auditory canal, tympanic membrane, and ossicles…
10.1055/b-0038-162747 3.3 Otitis Externa 3.3.1 Uncomplicated Otitis Externa Key Features Otitis externa (OE) is an infectious process of the external auditory canal. The most common pathogens are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and…
