10.1055/b-0038-162796 8.9 Genetics and Syndromes Congenital anomalies, whether single or multiple, can be induced by environmental and teratogenic insults as well as chromosomal or single-gene defects. This chapter includes only…
10.1055/b-0038-162795 8.8 Pierre Robin′s Sequence Key Features Pierre Robin′s sequence requires the presence of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and usually a cleft palate (frequently U-shaped). Infants present with airway obstruction, because the…
10.1055/b-0038-162794 8.7 Subglottic Stenosis Key Features The subglottis is the narrowest part of the infant airway. Acquired subglottic stenosis is most commonly found; the most common related factor is intubation….
10.1055/b-0038-162793 8.6 Vascular Rings Key Features The trachea and esophagus are completely or incompletely surrounded by vascular structures. Compression of the trachea, the bronchi, and/or the esophagus may occur. Most…
10.1055/b-0038-162792 8.5 Tracheoesophageal Fistula and Esophageal Atresia Key Features Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresia (EA) are the result of a congenital communication between the trachea and esophagus. EA is…
10.1055/b-0038-162791 8.4 Laryngeal Clefts Key Features Laryngeal clefts are a rare congenital anomaly. They are frequently associated with other anomalies. Clinical presentation varies with the extent of the cleft. The…
10.1055/b-0038-162790 8.3 Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis Key Features Bilateral vocal fold paralysis is the second most common cause of infantile stridor. It typically requires a tracheotomy for maintenance of airway…
10.1055/b-0038-162789 8.2 Laryngomalacia Key Features Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infants (accounts for ~ 75% of infantile stridor). Often self-limited; most patients are symptom-free by 12…
10.1055/b-0038-162788 8.1 Pediatric Airway Evaluation and Management Key Features The airway is relatively narrower and more tenuous in children. The potential for airway emergency is high. Many conditions causing respiratory…
10.1055/b-0038-162787 7.12 Calcium Disorders Key Features Hypercalcemia can result when too much calcium enters the extracellular fluid or when there is insufficient calcium excretion from the kidneys. Hypocalcemia is less…
