Accommodative Dysfunction Many authors have suggested that anomalies of accommodation are commonly encountered in optometric practice.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 Hokoda7 studied a sample of 119 symptomatic patients and found that accommodative dysfunction was…
High Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation Conditions: Convergence Excess and Divergence Excess This chapter discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of nonstrabismic binocular disorders associated with a high accommodative convergence to…
Normal AC/A Conditions: Fusional Vergence Dysfunction, Basic Esophoria, and Basic Exophoria Introduction This chapter discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of nonstrabismic binocular disorders associated with a normal accommodative convergence…
Ocular Motility Procedures Lenses, Prisms, and Mirrors LOOSE PRISM JUMPS Objectives The objectives of loose prism jumps are to improve the accuracy and speed of saccadic eye movements. The procedure…
Low AC/A Conditions: Convergence Insufficiency and Divergence Insufficiency This chapter discusses the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of nonstrabismic binocular disorders associated with a low accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ratio….
Accommodative Techniques Anaglyphs, Polaroids, and Liquid Crystal Filters RED-RED ROCK Objectives Red-red rock is an example of an anaglyphic procedure whose objectives are to improve accommodative amplitude and facility. Although…
Primary Care of Binocular Vision, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders A primary care optometrist is “a practitioner with ongoing responsibility for the total visual, ocular, and related care of a…
General Treatment Modalities, Guidelines, and Prognosis This chapter provides an overview of general management strategies for accommodative, ocular motor, and nonstrabismic binocular anomalies. Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 provide…
Case Analysis and Classification Several analytical approaches are presented in the optometric literature. Each has its own unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Each of these systems also has shortcomings that…
Diagnostic Testing After a thorough case history and determination of the refractive error, the first important step in the management of accommodative, ocular motor, and nonstrabismic binocular vision problems is…
