Visual Acuity, Refractive Procedures, and Sudden Vision Loss
Refractive Error Definition The state of an eye in which light rays are not properly focused on the retina, resulting in image blur. Ametropia A refractive error (e.g., myopia, hyperopia,…
Optic Nerve and Glaucoma
Papilledema Definition Optic disc swelling caused by elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Etiology Elevated ICP occurs in a variety of settings including: congenitally; with intracranial neoplasm or other mass; infection (meningitis,…
Conjunctiva and Sclera
Trauma Foreign Body Exogenous material on, under, or embedded within the conjunctiva or sclera; commonly dirt, glass, metal, or cilia. Patients usually note foreign body sensation and redness; may have…
Anterior Chamber
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma Definition Glaucoma due to obstruction of the trabecular meshwork by peripheral iris; classified as acute, subacute (intermittent), or chronic. Etiology/mechanism Pupillary Block Most common. Lens–iris apposition interferes…
Ocular Motility and Cranial Nerves
Strabismus Definition Ocular misalignment that may be horizontal or vertical; comitant (same angle of deviation in all positions of gaze) or incomitant (angle of deviation varies in different positions of…
Neuro-ophthalmology
Neuroimaging Computed tomography Physics Computed tomography (CT) uses X-ray beams to obtain tissue density values from which detailed cross-sectional images are formed by a computer. Tissue density is represented by…
Retinal vascular disease
Retinal Circulation Arterial system • The central retinal artery , an end artery, enters the optic nerve approximately 1 cm behind the globe. It is composed of three anatomical layers: ○…
