Primate Habitat Acoustics
Fig. 4.1 Savanna (left panel), riverine forest (middle panel), and rain forest (right panel) differ prominently in terms of vegetation, humidity, wind, and their impacts on sound propagation, attenuation, and…
Evolution of Hearing and Language in Fossil Hominins
Fig. 8.1 The human evolutionary tree, indicating the temporal span of existence for different fossil hominin taxa. Each genus is represented by a different color. Species in genera other than…
The Primate Roots of Human Language
Fig. 7.1 An example of two merge: A lexical item (“the”) is merged with a set previously formed by merge (black circle: sudden macromutation). Abbreviations: N, noun; Adj, adjective; Det,…
Evolutionary Origins of Primate Vocal Communication: Diversity, Flexibility, and Complexity of Vocalizations in Basal Primates
Fig. 5.1 Diversity of morphotypes in basal primates. Displayed are representatives of the Strepsirrhini: (A) the nocturnal Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis, Daubentoniidae); (B) the diurnal Coquerel’s sifaka (Propithecus coquereli, Indriidae); (C)…
Primate Audition: Reception, Perception, and Ecology
Fig. 3.1 Neuroanatomy of the auditory system in primates. (a) Ascending auditory pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortices. Fibers in blue originate from neurons in the ventral cochlear…
Vocal Communication in Family-Living and Pair-Bonded Primates
Fig. 6.1 Chirp variants in cotton-top tamarins: type A used in mobbing; type B used in investigation of novel objects; type C used during foraging, and type D used during…
Introduction to Primate Hearing and Communication
Fig. 1.1 Taxonomy and geographic location of the major primate groups based on Fleagle (2013). Photos from top to bottom: Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) (iStock.com/voraorn); Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) (iStock.com/javarman3); Slow…
Diagnosis of Cystoid Macular Edema: Imaging
Fig. 1 Diffuse retinal thickening pattern of diabetic macular edema (DME) with increased retinal thickness and a “spongy” appearance of the retina. There is a reduction in the reflectivity of…
Surgical Management of Vitreous Retained Lens Fragments During or Following Phacoemulsification Surgery
Fig. 1 Process of core dislocation into the vitreous caused by rotating the fragment to the area of rupture; the surgeon has not detected the lack of support maintaining irrigation…
Mechanisms of Macular Edema
Fig. 1 Macular edema: fluid accumulation within and/or under the retina. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) section (a) and histology (b) of a healthy human retina. Note the different retinal…
