Evidence-Based Medicine
Timing of bias Type of bias Explanation Before a clinical trial begins Selection bias Study subjects improperly chosen Channeling bias Prognosis of study subject influences group or cohort assignment During…
Evidence-Based Medicine: Approach and References Classification
Article type Definition Basic science Controlled experiment; independent variable affects a dependent variable in a laboratory setting Basic science review Review of basic science experiments Clinical investigation Controlled experiment; independent…
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Severe hypercalcemia (>11.5 mg/dL) Calciphylaxis Persistent hypercalcemia more than 3–12 months post transplant Persistent hypercalciuria or phosphate wasting Fractures, bone pain, or rapid bone loss Nephrocalcinosis Pruritis PTH gland size…
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Cause Clinical features Diagnostic test Impaired intestinal calcium absorption Low dietary intake Avoidance of dairy products/ obtained via history 24 h urine calcium assessment Lactose intolerance Abdominal pain, bloating,…
Laryngotracheoplasty (Anterior and Posterior Cricoid Split)
Fig. 4.1 (a) Scalpel N°15 and 11, (b) needle driver, (c) surgical and anatomic forceps, (d) small curved mosquito forceps, (e) Kocher’s forceps, (f) Mayo, curved, and straight iris scissors,…
Endoscopic Procedures
Fig. 9.1 Endoscopic tools: (a) Telepack X LED (Storz®). (b) operating laryngoscope (HAVAS Operating Laryngoscope Storz® with light carrier) and one straightforward telescope 0° (Hopkins II® – Storz®). (c) three…
Slide Tracheoplasty
Fig. 5.1 Set of surgical instruments. a scalpel, b needle driver, c surgical and anatomical forceps, d small curved mosquito forceps, e Kocher’s forceps, f scissors, g suture threads, h…
Anatomy of Animal Model and Comparison to Human
Fig. 1.1 Transverse section of sheep neck. Clearly evidence of anterior and posterior compartments Similarly the human larynx has the function of air passage, phonation, and sphincter. It extends from…
Step-by-Step Partial Cricotracheal Resection (PCTR)
Fig. 7.1 (a) Scalpel N°15 and 11, (b) needle driver, (c) surgical and anatomic forceps, (d) small curved mosquito forceps, (e) Kocher’s forceps, (f) Mayo, curved, and straight iris scissors,…
How to Prepare an Animal Model
Fig. 2.1 Set of surgical instruments Fig. 2.2 Scalpels Fig. 2.3 Needle driver Fig. 2.4 Surgical and anatomic forceps Fig. 2.5 Curved mosquito forceps Fig. 2.6 Kocher’s forceps Fig. 2.7…
