This review discusses extended endoscopic and open sinus surgery for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Extended maxillary sinus surgery including endoscopic maxillary mega-antrostomy, endoscopic modified medial maxillectomy, and inferior meatal antrostomy are…
Patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis, by definition, have persistent, poorly controlled symptoms and objective inflammatory findings despite prior medical and surgical therapy. These patients represent a diagnostic and treatment challenge…
Topical therapy has become an important tool in the otolaryngologist’s armamentarium for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Daily high-volume sinonasal saline irrigation and standard metered-dose topical nasal steroid therapy are supported…
Refractory chronic rhinosinusitis can be challenging to treat. Initial treatment focuses on medical and nonsurgical treatments. If these treatments fail, revision endoscopic sinus surgery is an option. A plan for…
Office procedures in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be considered before and after medical management, as well as before and after surgical management. This article focuses specifically on refractory CRS, meaning…
Systemic and odontogenic etiologies of chronic rhinosinusitis, although rare, are an integral consideration in the comprehensive management of patients with sinonasal disease. Proper knowledge and timely recognition of each disease…
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) represents a subset of chronic sinusitis with various causes. Some forms of the disease are driven by allergy, often in association with asthma. Refractory…
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by the triad of asthma, sinonasal polyposis, and aspirin intolerance. The hallmark of the disease is baseline overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes via the 5-lipoxygenase…
Bacterial pathogens and microbiome alterations can contribute to the initiation and propagation of mucosal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In this article, the authors review the clinical and research implications…
Our understanding of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) show biofilm and osteitis play a role in the disease’s pathogenesis and refractory. Studies point to its role in pathogenesis and poor prognosis. Outside…
