21 Role of Laser in the Era of Pharmacotherapy
Results: Photocoagulation prevented severe vision loss by 50% in PDR patients (at 4 years, 20% risk in treated eyes versus 44% risk in untreated eyes with HRC). The beneficial effect…
11 Anti-angiogenesis Drugs for Neovascular-AMD Currently in Clinical Trials
Neovascular-AMD Currently in Clinical Trials Mohamed Ibrahim • Roomasa Channa • Diana V. Do • Quan Dong Nguyen INTRODUCTION The prevalence of advanced stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in…
5 IGF-I in Ocular Angiogenesis
FIGURE 5.1. Effect of GH inhibition on ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. A: Cross section of an eye from a nontransgenic littermate mouse, showing retinal neovascularization internal to the inner limiting membrane…
29 Financial and Regulatory Implications of Anti-angiogenic Drugs
of Anti-angiogenic Drugs George A. Williams INTRODUCTION The advent of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration has prevented blindness in tens of thousands of people….
3 Choroidal Neovascularization: Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Mark E. Kleinman • Jayakrishna Ambati Introduction The chorioretinal architecture is a heterogeneous assembly of specialized tissues derived from neuroectoderm and mesenchyme. The dual-layered blood-retina barrier, which incorporates the…
8 Endogenous Inhibitors of Ocular Angiogenesis
of Ocular Angiogenesis Shozo Sonoda • Parameswaran G. Sreekumar • Ram Kannan • David R. Hinton Introduction Physiologic angiogenesis is carefully regulated by a critical balance between endogenous stimulators and…
19 Intravitreal Injection: Technique and Complications
and Complications Elias Reichel INTRODUCTION Intravitreal injections are becoming an increasingly common part of clinical practice. In the past, indications for injection of substances into the vitreous cavity were relatively…
6 Is It All VEGF? Other Angiogenic Factors
FIGURE 6.1. The cyclooxygenase cascade. COX-1 and COX-2 catalyze the biosynthesis of prostanoids (prostaglandins and thromboxane) from membrane-derived arachidonic acid. The prostanoids then bind to their cognate GPCRs (G-protein coupled…
1 Judah Folkman and Angiogenesis
However, when new blood vessels grew into the small tumors from the adjacent vascularized tissues of the eye, for example, retina or iris, the tumors grew quickly and overtook the…
