Best Disease
32.1 Features Autosomal dominant (AD) cases have early age of onset and diagnosis occurs in early childhood to teenage years. In a minority of patients, a choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) can…
Ocriplasmin Retinopathy
Features Ocriplasmin is a recombinant truncated form of plasmin approved by the FDA in 2012 for the treatment of symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion. The enzyme has nonspecific proteolytic activity against multiple…
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
Features Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is an inherited vitreoretinal disease characterized by abnormal retinal vascular development. FEVR is a lifelong disease that often shows progression with periods of quiescence and…
Toxoplasmosis
52.1 Features Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis is the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis in immunocompetent individuals and is a result of congenital or acquired infection with the ubiquitous intracellular protozoan parasite…
Coats Disease
Features Coats disease, first described in 1908, is a sporadic vascular disorder of the retina. The mean age of presentation is 5 years and is most commonly seen unilaterally in…
Fungal Endophthalmitis
51.1 Features Fungal endophthalmitis refers to intraocular inflammation involving the vitreous and anterior chamber of the eye due to endogenous or exogenous fungal infection. Clinical presentation of fungal endophthalmitis can vary…
Intraocular Lymphoma
Features There are various types of intraocular lymphoma, including primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL), primary uveal lymphoma, and secondary uveal lymphoma. This chapter focuses on PVRL, which is the most common…
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Features Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder of premature infants. The retina begins to develop at age 16 weeks in utero and typically completes development from the optic…
Tamoxifen Retinopathy
Features Tamoxifen is a commonly used antiestrogen oral medication that has been used in the management of breast cancer since the 1970s. This medication is particularly effective as an adjuvant…
Cystoid Macular Edema
47.1 Clinical Features Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a retinal condition in which there is thickening of the macula with cystic fluid spaces within the macula. In many cases, abnormal vascular…
