Indocyanine Green Angiography
3.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Indocyanine green (ICG) is a dye used for visualizing the choroidal circulation. During testing, 25 mg of ICG dye in 5 mL of water is injected intravenously with…
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
15.1 Features Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a disease where epiretinal membranes form on the surface of the retina, creating traction and ultimately retinal detachment (RD). PVR is the most common cause…
Epiretinal Membrane
8.1 Features Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) are essentially cellular proliferations on the surface of the macula and often appear after posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). They may be asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally…
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
22.1 Features Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAMs) are acquired, saccular or fusiform dilatations of large retinal arterioles, usually within the first three orders of bifurcation. The diameter of dilatation is typically within…
Giant Retinal Tear
13.1 Features Giant retinal tears (GRTs) are full-thickness breaks in the retina extending for more than 3 clock hours (▶ Fig. 13.1). Patients with a GRT present with symptoms associated with…
Vitreomacular Traction
10.1 Features Vitreomacular traction (VMT) is characterized by an incomplete posterior vitreous detachment and persistent adherence between the posterior hyaloid and the retinal surface causing architectural changes of the neurosensory retina…
Lattice Degeneration
17.1 Features Lattice degeneration is a peripheral retinal condition in which there is retinal thinning, possible hyalinization of retinal vessels creating a “lattice” appearance, and increased vitreoretinal adhesion. Patients with lattice…
Retinal Dialysis
14.1 Features A retinal dialysis is defined histologically and clinically as a separation between the neurosensory retina and the nonpigmented pars plana epithelium at the ora serrata (▶ Fig. 14.1). While…
Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography
5.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows the surgeon to view the surgical field from a different perspective than a standard ophthalmic microscope. Intraoperative OCT offers excellent resolution for…
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
7.1 Features Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) is the separation between the posterior vitreous cortex and the internal limiting membrane of the retina. Usually it occurs after the fifth decade of life,…
