Practical Optics
CHAPTER 1 Practical Optics GOAL OF REFRACTION ♦ Optically, the purpose of refraction is to place a focal point onto the retina. ♦ Clinically, refraction is how we determine best corrected visual…
Subjective Refraction and Lens Prescription
CHAPTER 2 Subjective Refraction and Lens Prescription THE PHOROPTER Subjective refraction begins with the result from retinoscopy, autorefraction, or the patient’s current glasses. When no prior information is available, subjective…
Case Studies
CHAPTER 3 Case Studies The case studies are presented in a question-and-answer format. They are composite cases representing situations that will present to the refractionist. The principles discussed apply equally…
