5 Collagen and Healing
Christiaan Marshall Heersink and Irene Ludwig Summary Connective tissue and its collagen support are critical to the functioning of the extraocular muscles, intrinsically within the muscles themselves, as well as…
7 Complications of Strabismus Surgery
Malcolm Ing Summary Infections following strabismus surgery may be mild (conjunctivitis), moderate (orbital cellulitis), or severe (endophthalmitis). Although rare, orbital cellulitis and endophthalmitis may result in vision loss—a potentially devastating…
3 The Use of Testing, Consultants, and Intraoperative Assessment
Irene Ludwig Summary The overuse of tests and consultants is a common problem in medicine, and the strabismus field is no exception. This may cost the patient time, possible unwarranted…
4 Surgical Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles
Robert Clark Summary Current surgical approaches overemphasize repositioning the tendinous insertions of the extraocular muscles (EOMs), neglecting key concepts about EOM anatomy that provide the foundation for both innovations in…
1 The History of Strabismus Surgery
Paul Mitchell Summary Strabismus has been evident and documented at least since 2723 BC. Various perforated masks and glasses have been used in an attempt to realign the eyes, without…
2 The History and Examination in Strabismus
Irene Ludwig and Everett Moody Summary Diagnosing strabismus begins with a thorough history. The taking of a good medical history is an important acquired skill, which should not be relegated…
