Ento Key

Irene Ludwig Summary In some cases, the angle of strabismus is too small to warrant full muscle recession or resection due to a substantial risk of overcorrection, but patient symptoms…

Irene Ludwig Summary Limitation of eye movement may not always be correctable. Cranial nerve palsies, Duane’s syndrome, trauma, and other causes of restrictive strabismus may result in bothersome diplopia in…

Marilyn B. Mets Summary Surgery of the rectus muscles is the most common form of strabismus surgery performed. An understanding of anatomy, careful planning, and excellent surgical technique are required…

Irene H. Ludwig and Lionel Kowal Summary Transposition of an extraocular muscle shifts its insertion to change its mode of action. Transposition procedures are usually used to treat deviations resulting…

Maria Felisa Shokida Summary Strabismus surgery remains a challenge because success rates are not always predictable. The adjustable sutures technique has been available to strabismus surgeons for the last several…

Alan Scott, Seyhan B. Oezkan, and Talita Namgalies Summary In adults using topical anesthesia, both botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) and bupivacaine (BUP) are readily injected using electromyography (EMG). Medial…

Irene Ludwig and Yair Morad Summary Procedures developed in recent years using knowledge of the orbital pulleys, as well as directly correcting pulley abnormalities, include pulley posterior fixation and equatorial…

Irene Ludwig Summary Genetic or acquired collagen and healing disorders cause several difficulties during strabismus surgery. Sutures may not hold well in tissue and pull through. Tissues may tear during…

Irene Ludwig Summary There are four types of flap tear: longitudinal, lamellar, beveled, and retracted. Recognition and repair requires familiarity with the normal anatomy of the rectus muscle as well…