20 Traumatic Strabismus: Direct Orbital and Muscle Trauma and Flap Tear
Irene Ludwig Summary Blunt trauma to the head and face may impact the orbital rim, transmitting avulsive force to the eye muscle pulleys and then to the eye muscles themselves….
19 Displaced Muscles (Pulley Heterotopias)
Yair Morad and Irene H. Ludwig Summary Acquired and congenital displacements of the paths of the eye muscles (pulley shifts and pulley heterotopias) are newly recognized causes of strabismus. Downward…
15 Duane’s Syndrome
Seyhan B. Oezkan Summary Duane’s syndrome is a common form of the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motility pattern presents in a wide clinical spectrum, and the choice of…
18 Cranial Nerve Palsies
Lionel Kowal, Yair Morad, Ronit Friling, and Irene Ludwig Summary New advances in the understanding of extraocular muscle and orbital anatomy and function are leading to increased accuracy in diagnosis…
16 Dissociated Vertical Deviations
Susana Gamio Summary Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a well-recognized condition that is characterized by spontaneous upward drifting of one or both eyes, which is difficult to manage and control,…
17 Nystagmus Surgery
Richard Hertle Summary Eye muscle surgery for the treatment of nystagmus has a long history, but today remains a small part of the treatment tools of a strabismus surgeon. Its…
14 Pterygium and Strabismus
Malcolm Ing Summary In this chapter, the author will describe the pathology of pterygia with its relationship to the adjacent structure, the medial rectus. Pterygia that have developed on the…
13 Presumed Sinus-Related Strabismus
Irene Ludwig Summary Strabismus and other ophthalmic complications due to acute severe sinusitis have long been known, but less well appreciated is the association of strabismus with subacute, subclinical, or…
12 Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
Leonard Rich Summary The strabismus surgeon must realize that Graves’ orbitopathy is a bilateral disease with asymmetrical restrictive involvement of all the extraocular muscles. Orbital imaging should be considered a…
11 Torsion
Monte Stavis and Maham Khan Summary Torsion is an under-recognized component of strabismus. Measurement of torsion is integral to accurate diagnosis of strabismus, and torsional correction is critical to optimize…
