Visual Loss: An Overview
Fig. 5.1 a, b (a) Lesions of the visual pathways. (Adapted from Rohkamm R. Color Atlas of Neurology. New York, NY: Thieme; 2004:81.) (b) Types of visual field defects secondary to…
Nystagmus and Other Ocular Oscillations
Table 16.1 Clinical description of nystagmus: jerk versus pendular Jerk nystagmus Pendular nystagmus Alternation of slow phase drift followed by a rapid corrective saccade in the opposite direction Sinusoidal oscillation with…
Cavernous Sinus and Orbital Vascular Disorders
Vascular Drainage of the Orbit and Cavernous Sinus Each cavernous sinus contains a plexus of veins draining the orbits and some of the intracranial veins (▶ Fig. 15.1). The carotid…
Funduscopic Examination
▶ Fig. 2.1 diagrams what is seen on examination of the fundus with a direct ophthalmoscope. ▶ Fig. 2.2 shows a patient being examined with a direct PanOptic (Welsh Allyn,…
Transient Visual Loss
Transient Binocular Visual Loss 6.1.1 Differential Diagnosis Migrainous Visual Aura Visual aura associated with migraine is the most common cause of transient binocular visual loss (▶ Fig. 6.1). The patient typically…
Abnormal Visual Perceptions: Hallucinations and Illusions
In this chapter, the term hallucination refers to perception of a stimulus when, in reality, none is present, for example, when a patient with delirium tremens describes seeing bugs and…
The Visually Impaired Patient
Fig. 21.1 Severe constriction of visual fields from chronic untreated papilledema, resulting in legal blindness. The patient’s visual acuity is 20/30 in both eyes, but there is less than 10 degrees…
Orbital Syndrome
Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit All orbital structures can be involved in orbital lesions (▶ Fig. 14.1). Because the orbit is an enclosed space surrounded by bones, any orbital process…
Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain
Clinical Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain The clinical diagnosis of headache and facial pain depends on characterization of the mode of onset of pain (▶ Fig. 19.1). For example,…
