Diplopia

Jul 4, 2017 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Diplopia

Monocular Diplopia Monocular diplopia is not related to a neurologic disorder and usually results from an optical problem (e.g., abnormal diffraction of light within the eye). It is almost always…

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Optic Neuropathies

Jul 4, 2017 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Optic Neuropathies

Fig. 8.1 a–c (a) Normal left optic nerve appearance in posterior optic neuropathy (onset < 6 weeks). (b) Right optic nerve head swelling (edema) in anterior optic neuropathy. (c) Right optic…

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The Pupil

Jul 4, 2017 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on The Pupil

The normal pupil varies in size, depending on the ambient illumination. Pupils are usually symmetrical in size, although physiologic anisocoria (the difference in size between the two pupils) of 0.4…

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Retinal Vascular Diseases

Jul 4, 2017 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Retinal Vascular Diseases

Retinal Artery Occlusions Central retinal and branch retinal artery occlusions produce acute monocular visual loss. Unless the retinal vascular occlusion is secondary to giant cell arteritis or to a carotid…

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The Neuro-ophthalmic Examination

Jul 4, 2017 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on The Neuro-ophthalmic Examination

The extent of the neuro-ophthalmic examination varies depending on the patient’s complaints, but parts of it should always be performed in detail in selected neurologic disorders, and some parts of…

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Visual Fields

Jul 4, 2017 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Visual Fields

Examination of the visual fields helps to localize and identify diseases affecting the visual pathways (▶ Fig. 3.1). Visual field testing is useful when evaluating patients complaining of visual loss…

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Disorders of the Eyelid

Jul 4, 2017 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of the Eyelid

Anatomy and Examination of the Eyelid Eyelid closure (▶ Fig. 17.1, ▶ Fig. 17.2, ▶ Fig. 17.3) involves the orbicularis oculi muscle (innervated by branches of the facial nerve: cranial…

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Disc Edema

Jul 4, 2017 by in OPHTHALMOLOGY Comments Off on Disc Edema

Fig. 9.1 a, b (a) Optic nerve swelling in the right eye. The disc margins are blurry, and there is no central cup. (b) Sagittal section of a swollen optic nerve….

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