Acute Otitis Media and Otitis Media with Effusion
Key Points ▪ The presence or absence of signs and symptoms and findings on the otoscopic examination provides the basis for diagnosis of the different types of otitis media. ▪…
Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Key Points ▪ Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in children has a negative impact on quality of life. ▪ Distinction between adenoiditis and CRS in children is difficult because of similar symptoms…
Congenital Malformations of the Nose and Nasopharynx
Key Points ▪ Most congenital nasal lesions occur secondary to developmental errors in one of three embryologic zones: the anterior neuropore, the central midface, or the nasobuccal membrane. ▪ Encephaloceles,…
Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
Key Points ▪ Velopharyngeal inadequacy refers to any type of dysfunction and may be categorized as insufficiency, incompetence, or mislearning. ▪ “Phoneme-specific” or “sound-specific” velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) involves abnormal production…
Early Detection and Diagnosis of Infant Hearing Impairment
Key Points ▪ The most common causes of congenital hearing loss in infants without apparent risk factors are asymptomatic congenital human cytomegalovirus infection and recessive genetic hearing loss. ▪ Single-stage…
Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Key Points ▪ Sleep-disordered breathing is an important cause of morbidity in children and may lead to growth failure, neurocognitive and behavioral abnormalities, cardiovascular dysfunction, and rarely death. ▪ Workup…
General Considerations in Pediatric Otolaryngology
Key Points ▪ Children are physiologically different from adults. Familiarity with these differences is required for safe management of the medical and surgical problems of children. ▪ Providing optimal pediatric…
Developmental Anatomy
Key Points ▪ Head and neck anatomy is divided into fascial layers and triangles or levels, which serve as organizational units to manage the volume of anatomic detail in the…
Nonobstructive Pediatric Sleep Disorders
Key Points ▪ Although pediatric obstructive sleep apnea gets the majority of clinical attention, nonobstructive sleep disorders are also common and can have a significant negative effect on sleep in…
Anesthesia in Pediatric Otolaryngology
Key Points ▪ When anesthetic risk is correlated with age, children younger than 1 month of age are at the highest risk for adverse events during any procedure. The greatest…
