Fig. 8.1 (a) The left medial canthal tendon is readily evident (white arrow) after undermining the skin and the pretarsal and preseptal orbicularis fibres separated superolaterally and inferolaterally (broken arrows)….

Fig. 10.1 Incision of the nasal mucosa with a crescent knife Fig. 10.2 Inferior incision with scissors. The superior incision has been done Fig. 10.3 Osteotomy of the frontal process…

Fig. 17.1 (a) A Nasal Endoscopy set up. (b) A Balloon Dacryoplasty armamentarium. (c) The inflatable end of a 2 mm balloon catheter. (d) The hub of a 2 mm…

Fig. 11.1 (a) The mucosal incisions on the left lateral nasal wall are shown for endoscopic DCR. (b) The nasal mucosal flap is elevated by a suction dissector with exposure…

Fig. 19.1 Example of an upper canalicular laceration In order to inspect the canaliculus the punctum is dilated first. A size “00” Bowman probe can then be passed through the…

Fig. 4.1 Development of the nasolacrimal system begins at approximately the sixth week of gestation. An epithelial layer of ectodermal tissue is entrapped as a core between the lateral (frontonasal)…

Fig. 15.1 Comparison of Gladstone-Putterman tube (above) and Jones tube (below) Indications for Endoscopic CDCR Canalicular stenosis is the most common indication for endoscopic CDCR. This blockage may be secondary…

Fig. 12.1 Vertical incision and horizontal incisions for mucosal flap Bone Removal and Rhinostomy The endonasal laser technique is carried out with the assistance of a potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP)…

Fig. 16.1 A 14 G angiocath is inserted from the caruncular area, in an inferomedial direction and is visualized in the nose with the endoscope Fig. 16.2 The needle is…

Fig. 14.1 The superior aspect of the skin incision is 11 mm medial to the medial commissure, extending inferiorly and slightly laterally for approximately 18 mm The elevator is used…