KEY CONCEPTS • Keratoconus is described as a “multifactorial” condition, implying that many factors contribute to its causation, structural alterations, and progression. • The most important etiological association in keratoconus…
KEY CONCEPTS • Keratoconus (KC) is described as a condition in which the cornea assumes a conical shape with coinciding corneal stromal thinning inducing irregular astigmatism, myopia, and protrusion. •…
KEY CONCEPTS • Epidemiological studies describe the distribution of disease, identify factors that influence that distribution, and measure the impact and morbidity of disease in a defined population. • Population-based screening…
The disorder now known as keratoconus has fascinated and perplexed clinicians for more than three centuries. Recognized as early as the 1700s, its pathophysiology remains both curious and frustrating, and,…
Optic nerve Optic atrophy Classification ◾ Primary: occurs without antecedent swelling of the optic nerve head. It may be caused by lesions from the retrolaminar optic nerve to the lateral…
Benign epibulbar tumours Conjunctival naevus Diagnosis ◾ Presentation: in 1st and 2nd decades. ◾ Signs: (a) slightly elevated pigmented bulbar lesion of variable size and pigmentation, (b) often juxtalimbal (…
Amblyopia Definition: unilateral, or rarely bilateral, subnormal best corrected visual acuity caused by form vision deprivation and/or abnormal binocular interaction, for which there is no identifiable pathology of the eye…
Diabetic retinopathy Introduction ◾ Prevalence: (a) the overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in individuals with diabetes is approximately 40%, (b) DR is more common in type 1 than in…
Anatomy The macula is the part of the retina that lies inside the temporal vascular arcades and has a diameter of between 5 and 6 mm. Histologically, the macula has…
