Introduction Accommodation is a change in the focus of the eye from distant to near objects. This is defined as a dioptric change in the eye’s optical power. Presbyopia, defined…
Introduction In the 1950s, the pioneers Strampelli, Barraquer, and Choyce introduced the concept of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in phakic eyes to correct high myopia. Since the 1980s, phakic IOL…
Introduction With extraordinary advances in instrumentation and techniques for refractive surgery, there are now many options for the surgical correction of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. However, the surgical treatment of…
Introduction Accommodation is the physiologic ability to change the optical power of the eye to focus at a continuous range of distances, mimicking the autofocus of a camera. The accommodation…
Introduction As part of the normal aging process, patients who are undergoing keratorefractive procedures may ultimately develop cataracts and may need cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The increasing…
Introduction Presbyopia refers to the decrease in accommodative capacity that accompanies aging. It occurs when an individual’s accommodative power is no longer able to allow for sustained and comfortable near-vision…
Introduction Small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is a refractive surgery procedure currently used to correct refractive errors in patients with myopia with or without astigmatism while the correction of presbyopia and…
Introduction Phakic intraocular lenses (PIOLs) have been used for many years as a backup for patients who cannot have laser refractive surgery. There are three different types of PIOLs: the…
Introduction The earliest attempts to expand the sclera in humans were performed in the mid-1980s and consisted of simple radial incisions in the sclera, similar to radial keratotomy (RK) of…
Introduction The use of radial and astigmatic keratotomy has declined over time as laser vision correction and cataract surgery with the implantation of toric intraocular lenses have gained popularity owing…
