Introduction Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is the most widely used technique to correct for most instances of spherocylindrical ametropia because of its safety and predictability, which lead to satisfactory…

Introduction Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is the most common surgical method for the management of refractive errors. Flap creation is the first and most important step in the LASIK…

Introduction The development of new instrumentation to measure human optical aberrations and the recent refinements in the excimer laser delivery systems have opened a new era in vision correction: patient-customized,…

Introduction Presbyopia can be defined as the point where accommodative function declines to less than 3 to 4 diopters (D), receding the near point beyond arms’ length at reading distance….

Introduction Presbyopic corneal inlays are implanted in the corneal stromal tissue to increase the eye’s depth of focus and to correct presbyopia. The initial steps toward the development of present-day…

Introduction Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) involves resecting and suturing a donor corneal tissue to a recipient corneal bed. It requires meticulous attention to detail by the corneal surgeon. The surgeon’s task…

Introduction In 1986, Fyodorov originated the first plate posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (PIOL). He used a one-piece silicone collar button PIOL with a Teflon coat. Encouraging initial results were…

Introduction This chapter discusses the pathogenesis and management of ocular diseases that are frequently encountered in the preoperative evaluation and course of management of the refractive surgery patient. Many of…

Introduction Different surgical techniques have been developed to treat high myopia but it remains a refractive challenge. Corneal procedures fall short of correcting high refractive errors because of low predictability,…

Introduction Presbyopia is the age-related loss of the eye’s ability to focus at near distances. The symptoms of presbyopia generally become perceptible at the age of around 40 years; by…