Visual hallucinations and illusions comprise some of the most vivid and sometimes bizarre symptoms in neuro-ophthalmology. Hallucinations are defined as perceptions that occur in the absence of a corresponding external…
The diagnosis of optic neuropathy is usually considered under two circumstances: (1) when visual loss is associated with an anomalous, swollen, or pale optic disc or (2) when the fundus…
This chapter reviews the distinction between papilledema (disc swelling secondary to increased intracranial pressure), disc swelling associated with optic neuropathy, and disc elevation due to pseudopapilledema. The fundus appearance of…
The retrochiasmal afferent visual pathways include the optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), optic radiations, and striate cortex. The most common neuro-ophthalmic presentation of a unilateral retrochiasmal disturbance is a…
Key wordsMaculopathies, maculopathies that mimic optic neuropathy, retinal vascular occlusions, acute outer retinopathies, cancer-associated retinopathies, toxic and hereditary retinopathies, retinal manifestations of neurologic and systemic diseases While a comprehensive…
The neuro-ophthalmic examination combines ophthalmic and neurologic techniques to assess the patient’s vision, pupillary function, ocular motility, eyelids, orbits, fundus appearance, and neurologic status. In most cases, after obtaining the…
As in any field of medicine, the neuro-ophthalmic history guides the physician’s examination and differential diagnosis. From the beginning of the history taking, the physician should attempt to categorize the…
The afferent visual pathways encompass structures that perceive, relay, and process visual information: the eyes, optic nerves (cranial nerve II), chiasm, tracts, lateral geniculate nuclei, optic radiations, and striate cortex…
Key concepts • The masquerade syndromes comprise a group of disorders that occur with intraocular inflammation and are often misdiagnosed as a chronic idiopathic uveitis. • Because many of the…
Key concepts • Retinal vascular changes can be seen in many ocular inflammatory entities, some associated with systemic disease and others not. • Fluorescein angiography is very important to evaluate…
