Epiretinal Membrane An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a fibrocellular proliferation occurring on the retinal surface, most commonly in the macular region. ERMs typically occur following a spontaneous partial or complete…
A number of retinal abnormalities are limited to the pediatric setting. These include congenital and hereditary abnormalities. While many of these disorders are reviewed in Chapter 2 , this pediatric…
Optic nerve Table 19.1 Signs of optic nerve dysfunction • Reduced VA • Relative afferent pupillary defect • Dyschromatopsia: impairment of colour vision, mainly red and green • Diminished light…
Benign epibulbar tumours Conjunctival naevus Diagnosis • Presentation: in 1st and 2nd decades. • Signs: (a) slightly elevated pigmented bulbar lesion of variable size and pigmentation, (b) often juxtalimbal (…
Age-related macular degeneration Introduction • Definition: degeneration affecting the macula; characterized by drusen and RPE changes, and sometimes CNV. • Classification: non-exudative (‘dry’)—most common, and exudative (‘wet’); the latter is…