1.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was first introduced in 1991 as a noninvasive technology that uses low-coherence interferometry to produce cross-sections of biological structures. OCT employs a light beam…
21.1 Features Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is a rare but serious disease. While our understanding of this entity has improved, OIS is still often misdiagnosed or missed on initial clinical exam….
44.1 Features Pavingstone (cobblestone) degeneration is a peripheral retinal degeneration characterized by multiple rounded, punched-out areas of chorioretinal atrophy with prominent underlying choroidal vessels and pigmented borders (▶ Fig. 44.1). Lesions…
16.1 Features Retinoschisis is a pathological retinal condition characterized by abnormal splitting of the neural retina. There are many categories and pathophysiological conditions that cause retinoschisis. General classification of retinoschisis can…
6.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a noninvasive imaging modality which is used to record the retinal and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) autofluorescence (AF). Lipofuscin, which is a mixture of…
20.1 Features Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) typically occurs due to embolism or thrombosis, resulting in either branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) or central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Vision loss is often…
33.1 Features Adult vitelliform macular dystrophy (AVMD) is generally regarded as a separate entity from juvenile-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy or Best Disease. AVMD has also been known by several other names,…
3.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Indocyanine green (ICG) is a dye used for visualizing the choroidal circulation. During testing, 25 mg of ICG dye in 5 mL of water is injected intravenously with…
15.1 Features Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a disease where epiretinal membranes form on the surface of the retina, creating traction and ultimately retinal detachment (RD). PVR is the most common cause…
8.1 Features Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) are essentially cellular proliferations on the surface of the macula and often appear after posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). They may be asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally…
