Ocular Tuberculosis
56.1 Features Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infects one-third of the world’s population. In the United States, the overall case rate of active TB is rare. Foreign-born persons constitute approximately two-thirds of those…
OPHTHALMOLOGY
Toxocariasis
53.1 Features Ocular toxocariasis (OT) is a helminthic disease that may cause a large spectrum of ocular complications. It is one of the most common parasitic causes of visual loss in…
Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
12.1 Features Retinal tears most frequently develop from vitreous traction, often during a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Such tears are typically horseshoe in configuration, with an anterior retinal “flap” that is…
Talc Retinopathy
Features Talc (magnesium silicate) serves as a common vehicle for many intravenous medications used for recreational use such as heroin, codeine, meperidine, pentazocine, methadone, and methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin). Intravenous injection…
Macular Holes
9.1 Features A full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) is a complete retinal defect that results in the separation of retinal layers and typically occurs in the fovea. FTMH prevalence has been reported…
Laser Maculopathy
Features In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates laser products. The FDA classifies lasers as class 1 through 4 based on type of light emitted and…
Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
26.1 Features Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disorder of the choroid and outer retina, and the most common cause of blindness in those over the age of 50 in…
Zika Virus and the Retina
Features The Zika virus belongs to the genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae, which also includes West Nile, dengue, and yellow fever. These viruses are composed of positive-sense single-stranded…
Age-Related Choroidal Atrophy
29.1 Features Choroidal thickness depends on race, age, refractive error, and to a lesser extent on gender; the thickness also shows diurnal variation. A very rough rule of thumb is the…
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
4.1 Diagnostic/Technology Overview Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has recently emerged as a noninvasive technique for imaging the vasculature of the eye. OCTA relies on the rapid acquisition of multiple OCT…
