Ophthalmic and Orbital Testing
1. What is the electroretinogram? The electroretinogram (ERG) is a recording of the electrical discharges from the retina elicited by a flash of light. This response is secondary to transretinal…
Optics and Refraction
1. What is the primary focal point (F 1 )? The primary focal point is the point along the optical axis at which an object must be placed for parallel…
Color Vision
1. What are photons? Atoms consist of a nucleus (composed of protons and neutrons) and electrons, which revolve around the nucleus in orbits of more or less fixed diameter. An…
Visual Fields
1. What are the main types of visual-field tests? • Confrontation visual fields • Kinetic perimetry • Static perimetry • Amsler grids 2. How are confrontation fields used in practice?…
Anatomy of the Orbit and Eyelid
Orbit 1. Name the bones of the orbit (see Fig. 2-1 ). • Medial wall: Sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary • Lateral wall: Zygomatic, greater wing of the sphenoid • Roof:…
Clinical Anatomy of the Eye
I General 1. Name the seven bones that make up the bony orbit and describe which location is most prone to damage in an orbital blow-out fracture. The seven orbital…
Corneal Dystrophies
1. What are corneal dystrophies? Corneal dystrophies are bilateral, inherited, noninflammatory, commonly progressive alterations of the cornea that are usually not associated with any other systemic condition. Most corneal dystrophies…
The Red Eye
II Cornea and external diseases 1. Name the main causes of a red eye. • Conjunctivitis • Episcleritis • Subconjunctival hemorrhage • Scleritis • Corneal disease and trauma • Dry…
Corneal Infections
1. What is a corneal ulcer? Infections of the cornea involve the epithelium and/or stroma. Some infections may occur strictly within the epithelium (i.e., herpes simplex epithelial keratitis), whereas others…
