4 Noninfectious Inflammatory Diseases MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS Rebecca R. Soares, MD, MPH and Sonia Mehta, MD Characterized by multifocal chorioretinal inflammatory lesions that leave pigmented fibrotic scars; typically bilateral and not…
9 Peripheral Retinal Diseases RETINAL TEARS Elisabeth Maureen Sledz, MD and John D. Pitcher III, MD Most common after posterior vitreous detachment (PVD); up to 20% of symptomatic PVD may…
7 Trauma-Related Retinopathies COMMOTIO RETINAE Musa Abdelaziz, MD and Eric D. Weichel, MD Self-limited opacification of retina secondary to direct blunt ocular trauma Signs and Symptoms Decreased vision, pain after…
8 Drug-Related Retinopathies CRYSTALLINE RETINOPATHY Hannah Levin, BS and Jason Hsu, MD Crystalline deposits in retina of variable distribution depending on associated condition (Figure 8-1 and Table 8-1) Signs and…
5 Retinal Degenerations and Dystrophies RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA Tomas S. Aleman, MD Molecularly heterogeneous group of inherited outer retinal degenerations that causes a bilateral, slowly progressive, pigmentary retinopathy Prevalence: Approximately 1:3500…
1 Vestibular Principles and Pathways Review SENSORY MODALITIES OF BALANCE CONTROL The balance system coordinates compensatory eye, head, and body movements allowing for clear vision with head and body activities,…
4 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) Diagnosis and Treatment OVERVIEW Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) causes discrete episodes of vertigo provoked with gravitational changes in position such as rolling from…
5 Electronystagmography (ENG)/Videonystagmography (VNG) OVERVIEW Electronystagmography (ENG)/videonystagmography (VNG) utilizes two-dimensional (2D) eye movement recordings to indirectly examine the following: (1) peripheral vestibular function (e.g., low frequency horizontal semicircular canals (SCCs)…
9 Computerized Dynamic Posturography (CDP) OVERVIEW The human postural control system is uniquely designed to maintain the center of gravity (COG) over a small base of support (BOS) by integrating…
6 Rotational Chair Test (RCT) OVERVIEW The rotational chair test (RCT) is a natural and repeatable multi-frequency stimulation of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR; Barin, 2009). Specifically, the RCT is a…
