58.1 Features Ocular features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were first identified in the 1980s. The most common ocular manifestation of HIV is noninfectious occlusive microangiopathy, more commonly known as HIV…
43.1 Features Stargardt disease is the most commonly inherited macular dystrophy, with prevalence ranging from 1 in 8,000 to 1 in 10,000. Diagnosis can be difficult as the disease has an…
Features Despite the increasing prevalence of melanoma worldwide, the mortality from this disease entity continues to decline due to improved and targeted therapies. Specifically in the case of metastatic disease,…
Features After the release of a large, randomized, multicentered, prospective trial by the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons, which showed a fivefold decrease in the rates of postoperative…
30.1 Features Pathologic myopia is usually associated with chorioretinal abnormalities such as lacquer cracks, myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV; ▶ Fig. 30.1), chorioretinal atrophy, and pigmentary degeneration. These abnormalities are the causes…
Features Susac syndrome is an immune-mediated disease of the brain, retina, and inner ear that produces ischemia, pauci-inflammation, and occlusive microvascular endotheliopathy. The three common manifestations of Susac syndrome are…
Common Symptoms Typically presents with unilateral vision loss in fourth to seventh decades of life but usually have bilateral fundus findings as below; paracentral or central scotomas; decreased vision if…
24.1 Features Sickle cell retinopathy (SR) is more common among patients who have the SC or SThal genotype than those with the SS genotype. One study estimated the lifetime incidence of…
Common Symptoms A history of orbital bullet injury with associated signs and symptoms of orbital trauma. Visual acuity is variably affected based on the presence of associated trauma including maculopathy…
