Opaque Bubble Layer
5 Opaque Bubble Layer ETIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE OF OPAQUE BUBBLE LAYER Opaque bubble layer (OBL) varies in incidence depending on the particular femtosecond laser that is used. Some femtosecond laser…
Free Flaps
6 Free Flaps ETIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE OF FREE FLAPS Femtosecond LASIK A free flap or a cap is a rare but significant complication that can occur with femtosecond LASIK. This…
Air Bubbles in the Anterior Chamber
3 Air Bubbles in the Anterior Chamber ETIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE OF AIR BUBBLES IN ANTERIOR CHAMBER Anterior chamber (AC) gas bubbles are an occurrence specific to the femtosecond laser.1 It…
Loss of Suction
2 Loss of Suction ETIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE OF LOSS OF SUCTION Loss of suction can occur during flap creation, either with a femtosecond laser or with a microkeratome.1 Loss of…
Decentered Flaps
12 Decentered Flaps ETIOLOGY AND INCIDENCE OF DECENTERED FLAPS Appropriate flap centration is crucial for the success of LASIK. Creating a flap with an adequate diameter is necessary to create…
Special Considerations
14 Special Considerations DIFFICULT DOCKING The following are 5 main factors that may coexist and result in difficult docking: small palpebral fissure (Figure 14-1), lid squeezing, conjunctival chalasis (Figure 14-2),…
Practical Optics
CHAPTER 1 Practical Optics GOAL OF REFRACTION ♦ Optically, the purpose of refraction is to place a focal point onto the retina. ♦ Clinically, refraction is how we determine best corrected visual…
Subjective Refraction and Lens Prescription
CHAPTER 2 Subjective Refraction and Lens Prescription THE PHOROPTER Subjective refraction begins with the result from retinoscopy, autorefraction, or the patient’s current glasses. When no prior information is available, subjective…
Case Studies
CHAPTER 3 Case Studies The case studies are presented in a question-and-answer format. They are composite cases representing situations that will present to the refractionist. The principles discussed apply equally…
Comprehending Business Finance
9 Comprehending Business Finance Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship. — Benjamin Franklin INTRODUCTION Most people first think of numbers and computations when asked…
