Ento Key

Grade Mean visual acuity Ophthalmoscopy Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) Optical coherence tomography Fluorescein angiography (FA) 1 20/20 (range, 20/25–20/16) Mild pigmentary abnormalities in the central fundus (Fig. 8.1a) Mild hypoautofluorescent mottling…

Fig. 1.1 Fundus autofluorescence using ultra-wide-field imaging in a patient with vitelliform stage. The lesion is intensively hyperautofluorecent 1.6 Fluorescein and Indocyanine Angiography The yellowish material in the vitelliform and…

  Photopic ERG Scotopic ERG Multifocal ERG Stargardt N/↓ N/↓ ↓ Cone dystrophies ↓↓ N ↓↓ Cone-rod dystrophies ↓↓ ↓ ↓↓ Late-onset Stargardt The misunderstanding is that patients with an…

Fig. 9.1 (a) Colour fundus photographs; (b) fundus autofluorescence; (c) foveal horizontal scan for SD-OCT (Adapted from Audo et al. [9] with the kind permission of Springer Science + Business…

Fig. 6.1 North Carolina macular dystrophy (NCMD) (MCDR1). Colour fundus photographs showing both the typical drusen-associated phenotype that can be seen in NCMD (above) and the characteristic grade 3 pigmented…

Fig. 5.1 Family 1: two affected daughters, (a–d) mother (e, f), and their 64-year-old mother. (a) Fundus color the left eye (LE) of 36-year-old female: juxtapapillary drusen and some drusen…

Fig. 2.1 Adult-onset foveomacular vitelliform dystrophy (AFVD). (a) Color fundus photograph of a 69-year-old male diagnosed with AFVD. The visual acuity was 0.8 in each eye. Patient was negative for…

Fig. 11.1 RdCVF preserves the morphology of the cone outer segment in P23H rat: (d) untreated control retina and (h) RdCVF-treated retina (Modified from Yang et al. [63]) 11.4 Retinal…

Fig. 7.1 Bilateral characteristic drusen-like deposits seen in Sorsby fundus dystrophy with areas of macular atrophy Fig. 7.2 Choroidal neovascular membrane complicating Sorsby fundus dystrophy The differential diagnosis includes disorders…