Abnormal Visual Perceptions: Hallucinations and Illusions
In this chapter, the term hallucination refers to perception of a stimulus when, in reality, none is present, for example, when a patient with delirium tremens describes seeing bugs and…
The Visually Impaired Patient
Fig. 21.1 Severe constriction of visual fields from chronic untreated papilledema, resulting in legal blindness. The patient’s visual acuity is 20/30 in both eyes, but there is less than 10 degrees…
Orbital Syndrome
Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit All orbital structures can be involved in orbital lesions (▶ Fig. 14.1). Because the orbit is an enclosed space surrounded by bones, any orbital process…
Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain
Clinical Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain The clinical diagnosis of headache and facial pain depends on characterization of the mode of onset of pain (▶ Fig. 19.1). For example,…
Fluorescein Angiography
Figure 10.1 FA patterns as they pertain to AMD. Hyperfluorescence in AMD can be the result of loss of the normal barrier to background choroidal fluorescence known as transmitted fluorescence….
Differential Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Cuticular Drusen Cuticular drusen or basal laminar drusen (BLD) were described by Gass in 1977 (5). Patients with BLD have numerous, small, uniformly sized, round, slightly raised, yellow, subretinal lesions…
Normal Anatomy of the Macula
aThe marginal layer free from nuclei (not included) appears between the 4th and 5th wk, after which it disappears. In addition, the transient layer of Chievitz (not included) appears between…
Classification of Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration
FIGURE 6.1 A. Type 1 CNVM. Left. FA showing leakage of undetermined origin. Right. ICG angiography showing arteriolized pattern of choroidal neovascularization. B.Type 1 CNVM. Left. ICG angiography showing arteriolized…
