Ento Key

Vascular Drainage of the Orbit and Cavernous Sinus Each cavernous sinus contains a plexus of veins draining the orbits and some of the intracranial veins (▶ Fig. 15.1). The carotid…

▶ Fig. 2.1 diagrams what is seen on examination of the fundus with a direct ophthalmoscope. ▶ Fig. 2.2 shows a patient being examined with a direct PanOptic (Welsh Allyn,…

Transient Binocular Visual Loss 6.1.1 Differential Diagnosis Migrainous Visual Aura Visual aura associated with migraine is the most common cause of transient binocular visual loss (▶ Fig. 6.1). The patient typically…

In this chapter, the term hallucination refers to perception of a stimulus when, in reality, none is present, for example, when a patient with delirium tremens describes seeing bugs and…

Fig. 21.1 Severe constriction of visual fields from chronic untreated papilledema, resulting in legal blindness. The patient’s visual acuity is 20/30 in both eyes, but there is less than 10 degrees…

Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit All orbital structures can be involved in orbital lesions (▶ Fig. 14.1). Because the orbit is an enclosed space surrounded by bones, any orbital process…

Clinical Diagnosis of Headache and Facial Pain The clinical diagnosis of headache and facial pain depends on characterization of the mode of onset of pain (▶ Fig. 19.1). For example,…