Fig. 5.1 Medial pterygoid muscle. The medial pterygoid (yellow arrow) is found deep to the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle group. The middle constrictors along with the styloglossus muscle serve as…
Fig. 4.1 Diagram of the pathway to robotic training 4.1 Didactics Most otolaryngologists are not familiar with the robotic system and therefore need an introduction to the technology. There is…
Monitors and lines 1. Standard ASA monitoring (pulse, ECG, ETCO2, NIBP) 2. Arterial line Safety 1. IV patency 2. Eyes secured 3. Teeth protected 4. Arms tucked 5. Pressure points…
Approach Site Pathology Number of published cases References TORS Oral cavity Malignancies 8 [25–27] Oropharynx: base of tongue and tonsils Malignancies 1,337 [24–36] Benign lesions 19 [13, 37–39] OSA 726…
Fig. 30.1 Common ectopic locations for parathyroid glands . (a) Intrathyroidal; (b) Intrathymic The typical parathyroid gland is a thinly encapsulated ovoid gland measuring roughly 6 mm in greatest dimension,…
Fig. 25.1 Parathyroid adenoma identified on office ultrasound Fig. 25.2 Posteriorly descended left superior parathyroid adenoma on ultrasound The abnormal inferior parathyroid gland is generally easier to image with ultrasound…
Fig. 4.1 Bioactive vitamin D activates the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which interacts with a neighboring retinoic acid receptor. This complex then binds to the vitamin D response element (VDRE)…
Fig. 14.1 Non-enhanced, arterial, and venous-phase (left to right) axial CT images from a 4DCT in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism shows an ovoid parathyroid adenoma posterior to the right…
Fig. 23.1 Left inferior parathyroid adenoma abutting left common carotid artery and dorsal to left thyroid lobe. Transverse view. CCA common carotid artery, IJV internal jugular vein, SH/ST sternohyoid and…
Fig. 40.1 It is important to examine the patient’s neck for any masses or signs of prior surgery before the patient is imaged. Also, when imaging, the patient’s chin should…
