Fig. 6.1 (a) T1-weighted coronal MRI scan showing a large superior orbital abscess (arrow) on the left side associated with sinusitis. (b) T2-weighted coronal MRI scan showing obstruction of the…
Fig. 3.1 Schematic for mechanisms of visual loss from orbital cellulitis in relation to an illustration of the visual pathways. (1) Angle closure glaucoma. External photograph showing conjunctival injection and…
Fig. 1.1 For EMG-guided injection of botulinum toxin, the needle has to be hollow. The shaft of the needle is insulated except the tip. For a bipolar recording, the reference…
OnabotulinumtoxinA AbotulinumtoxinA IncobotulinumtoxinA RimabotulinumtoxinB CBTX-A Bonta Commercial name Botox®, Botox Cosmetic®, Vistabel®, Vistabex® Dysport®, Reloxin®, Azzalure® Xeomin®/Bocouture® Myobloc®, NeuroBloc® Prosigne®, Lantox® Neuronox® Company Allergan Inc. Medicis Pharmaceutical Group Merc…
Reasons for immobility of vocal folds Comment Palsy/paresis/paralysis Most frequent reason Lesion of recurrent nerve Lesion of vagal nerve Movement impairment of arytenoid cartilage/cricothyroid joint abnormalities/ankyloses (Sub)luxation (e.g. after emergency…
Fig. 7.1 Cernea’s classification of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) In 1992 Cernea [4] classified the EBSLN into three types: Type 1: Nerve crossing the superior…
Fig. 11.1 Flexible transnasal endoscopy is the preferred approach to assess neuromuscular movement disorders within clinical diagnostics [Courtesy of Olympus Europe SE & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany] 11.2.1 Testing of…
Fig. 16.1 Surgical technique of the first successful composite total laryngeal transplant. Vascular anastomoses included the donor right internal jugular vein to the recipient right facial vein, donor left middle…
Fig. 15.1 Ansa-recurrent nerve anastomosis [14–16, 24]. Schematic posterior view of the procedure. Left side. XII: Hypoglossal nerve. PCA posterior cricoarytenoid muscle The next step is to identify the RLN….
Fig. 14.1 (a) Synkinetic Reinnervation right side. Abduction inhibition right side (green marked RLN) because of co-stimulation of the PCA and LCA muscles, due to sprouting of abductor axons into…
