Conditions that may present as a retrotympanic mass Anomalous anatomy High jugular bulb Aberrant carotid artery Tumors and tumor-like condition Congenital cholesteatoma Iatrogenic cholesteatoma Tympanojugular paraganglioma Facial nerve tumor (neuroma,…
General Characteristics of Tympanic Membrane Perforations Tympanic membrane perforations are usually present at the pars tensa. Pars flaccida perforations are generally associated with epitympanic cholesteatoma. If a tympanic membrane perforation…
Petrous bone cholesteatomas (PBCs) are slow-growing expansile epidermoid lesions arising in the petrous portion of the temporal bone with an incidence of 4 to 9% of all petrous pyramid lesions….
Meningoencephalic herniation is the herniation of meningeal and/or encephalic tissue in the middle ear or mastoid. It occurs in connection with infection, previous surgery, head trauma, or congenital tegmental defects….
Atelectasis, Adhesive Otitis Media 6 Atelectasis, Adhesive Otitis Media Keywords: adhesive otitis media, retraction pocket, Sadè classification, ventilation tube Abstract Adhesive otitis media is characterized by retraction of the thin and…
Otitis media can be classified into two different types. Secretory otitis media is characterized by the presence of middle ear effusion behind an intact tympanic membrane; the tympanic membrane is…
Congenital cholesteatoma is defined as an epidermoid cyst that develops behind an intact tympanic membrane in a patient with no history of otorrhea, trauma, or previous ear surgery. Michaels studied…
Cholesterol Granuloma 5 Cholesterol Granuloma Keywords: cholesterol granuloma, hemosiderin, temporal bone drainage Abstract In case of a cholesterol granuloma of the temporal bone, the tympanic membrane could appear bluish in color…
For proper otoscopy, the external auditory canal should be cleaned. Few instruments are used for this step, namely, aural speculi of different sizes, a Billeau ear loop, Hartman auricular forceps,…
Anatomy The tympanic membrane forms the major part of the lateral wall of the middle ear (see ▶ Fig. 2.1, ▶ Fig. 2.2, ▶ Fig. 2.3). It is thin, resistant,…
