Ear, Nose, and Throat Problems in Cleft Lip and Palate
Incidence Clefts of the lip and/or palate are the commonest facial anomaly, occurring in approximately in 1:700 live births. Cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) and clefts of the…
Disorders of Balance
Physiology of Balance in Children 11.2.1 Maturation and Development In children, as in adults, the maintenance of equilibrium depends on sensory input from three major systems: Proprioceptive. Visual. Vestibular. In addition,…
Cholesteatoma
Classification 10.2.1 Congenital Cholesteatoma Cholesteatoma is categorized as congenital, primary acquired, and secondary acquired. Congenital cholesteatoma is a true inclusion epidermoid incorporated into the temporal bone during embryonic development. The original…
Otitis Media with Effusion
Epidemiology and Prevalence Middle ear effusion is the most common ear disease that occurs in children and practically all are affected at some point. 1, 2 This is also the…
Salivary Gland Disorders in Childhood
Congenital Disorders 26.2.1 Anatomical Anomalies Aplasia and Dysplasia Congenital anomalies of the salivary glands are very uncommon. Aplasia of the major salivary glands and atresia of their ducts has been described,…
The Pediatric Consultation
Setting Up 2.2.1 The Waiting Area The clinic experience for the family starts well before they see you. Easy road access, car parking, a bright and friendly environment with adequate facilities…
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Important OSA definitions Obstructive apnea Cessation of ventilation (i.e., no airflow), despite respiratory effort, for 10 s or two breath cycles in older children or 6 s or 1.5–2 breaths…
Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Fig. 3.1 Comparison of simple and balanced anesthesia techniques. 3.2.1 Simple Anesthesia In simple anesthesia, a single anesthetic agent is given in sufficient dosage to provide unconsciousness (sleep), lack of movement in…
Introduction to Pediatric Otolaryngology
Training and Accreditation The diagnosis and management of ORL conditions in children forms an integral part of the syllabus for all ENT surgeons in training. Examinations in ORL, including the…
The Child with Special Needs
The best definition of a child with special needs is a child who, because of his/her unique medical or developmental difficulties, has needs in addition to those of his/her age-matched…
