36 Imagining the Future of Strabismus Surgery
Irene Ludwig and Joel Miller Summary We have come far in the surgical correction of strabismus, but there is much more on the horizon. One advance already expected to be…
34 Mini-Procedures and Compartmental Surgery for Small Angle Strabismus
Irene Ludwig Summary In some cases, the angle of strabismus is too small to warrant full muscle recession or resection due to a substantial risk of overcorrection, but patient symptoms…
33 Procedures to Restrict Movement
Irene Ludwig Summary Limitation of eye movement may not always be correctable. Cranial nerve palsies, Duane’s syndrome, trauma, and other causes of restrictive strabismus may result in bothersome diplopia in…
23 Classic Strabismus Surgery: Rectus Muscle
Marilyn B. Mets Summary Surgery of the rectus muscles is the most common form of strabismus surgery performed. An understanding of anatomy, careful planning, and excellent surgical technique are required…
35 Transpositions
Irene H. Ludwig and Lionel Kowal Summary Transposition of an extraocular muscle shifts its insertion to change its mode of action. Transposition procedures are usually used to treat deviations resulting…
32 Adjustable Sutures and Hang-Back Suture Technique
Maria Felisa Shokida Summary Strabismus surgery remains a challenge because success rates are not always predictable. The adjustable sutures technique has been available to strabismus surgeons for the last several…
31 Injection Technique
Alan Scott, Seyhan B. Oezkan, and Talita Namgalies Summary In adults using topical anesthesia, both botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) and bupivacaine (BUP) are readily injected using electromyography (EMG). Medial…
30 Pulley Surgeries
Irene Ludwig and Yair Morad Summary Procedures developed in recent years using knowledge of the orbital pulleys, as well as directly correcting pulley abnormalities, include pulley posterior fixation and equatorial…
27 Stretched Scar Repair and Management of Other Weak Collagen Abnormalities
Irene Ludwig Summary Genetic or acquired collagen and healing disorders cause several difficulties during strabismus surgery. Sutures may not hold well in tissue and pull through. Tissues may tear during…
29 Traumatic Strabismus Repair (Flap Tear, Slipped and Lost Muscles)
Irene Ludwig Summary There are four types of flap tear: longitudinal, lamellar, beveled, and retracted. Recognition and repair requires familiarity with the normal anatomy of the rectus muscle as well…
