Angioid Streaks
31.1 Features Angioid streaks are an ocular pathology of striking clinical appearance. The streaks present as reddish breaks in Bruch’s membrane that radiate and branch from the nerve, often emulating the…
Choroidal Folds
48.1 Features Chorioretinal folds (CRFs) are anatomically characterized by undulations of the inner choroid, Bruch’s membrane, and overlying retinal pigment epithelium. This clinical appearance results from underlying choroidal alterations that push…
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness
39.1 Features Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) encompasses many disorders that have a spectrum of clinical and electrophysiologic findings as well as molecular causes. The gene associations are as follows: CSNB1…
Retinal Vein Occlusion
19.1 Features Retinal vein occlusions (RVO) vary considerably based on distribution of the venous occlusive event, perfusion status of the affected retina, duration of untreated disease, and presence or absence of…
Cone Dystrophy
37.1 Features Cone dystrophy is a category of inherited retinal degenerations that is characterized by primary degeneration of the cone photoreceptors with or without secondary involvement of the rod photoreceptors, which…
Ebola Virus
Features Ebola is an enveloped, single-strand, negative polarity RNA virus transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids/tissues from humans (e.g., blood, secretions, semen, saliva, urine, and breast milk) or animal…
Acute Retinal Necrosis
54.1 Features Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is retinitis with occlusive vasculitis caused by a viral infection with an associated high risk of vision loss due to macular involvement, retinal detachment, and…
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
57.1 Features Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis occurs most frequently in patients with severe immunocompromise as a consequence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is the most common ocular opportunistic infection among these…
Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome
Features First described in 1941, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS), also known as ocular histoplasmosis or ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, has been debated as a separate condition from multifocal chorioretinitis and…
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Retinopathy
58.1 Features Ocular features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were first identified in the 1980s. The most common ocular manifestation of HIV is noninfectious occlusive microangiopathy, more commonly known as HIV…
