Vascular Anomalies of the Head and Neck
Key Points ▪ Vascular anomalies are divided into vascular malformations and vascular tumors . ▪ The molecular mechanisms that give rise to vascular anomalies result from disordered angiogenesis and vasculogenesis….
Craniofacial Surgery for Congenital and Acquired Deformities
Key Points ▪ Craniofacial anomalies occur in as many as 1 in 500 to 1000 live births for cleft lip and palate, 1 in 2000 for isolated craniosynostosis, and 1…
Pediatric Head and Neck Malignancies
Key Points ▪ Lymphomas are the most common head and neck malignancies in children, followed by retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, thyroid cancer, and melanoma. ▪ Hodgkin lymphoma is the predominant malignant…
Evaluation and Management of the Pediatric Airway
Key Points ▪ Initial evaluation of a child with noisy breathing involves assessment of phase and character of noisy breathing; distress in relation to states of sleep, wakefulness, and feeding;…
Congenital Malformations of the Inner Ear
Key Points ▪ In congenital sensorineural hearing loss, approximately 20% of inner ears demonstrate a radiographically detectable abnormality. ▪ Many patterns of deformity appear to result from disturbance in the…
