2 DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AGENTS Maya H. Maloney, MD and Sophie J. Bakri, MD As vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was identified as a regulator of tumor…
5 INTRAVITREAL DELIVERY Nora Muakkassa, MD; Kendra Klein, MD; and Elias Reichel, MD Intravitreal injection of medication was first described in 1947 with the use of penicillin for late postoperative…
15 NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA Manik Goel, MD and Joel S. Schuman, MD, FACS Neovascular glaucoma (NVG), a form of secondary angle closure glaucoma, is characterized by the development of new vessels…
6 SUSTAINED DELIVERY OPTIONS UNDER STUDY Michael N. Cohen, MD; Chirag P. Shah, MD, MPH; and Jeffrey S. Heier, MD Few therapeutic interventions have been as revolutionary or impactful as…
4 AGENTS UNDER STUDY Ehsan Rahimy, MD; Elham Rahimy, BS; and Anthony Joseph, MD The advent of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has undoubtedly revolutionized the field of…
3 AVAILABLE ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR AGENTS Angeline Mariani Derham, MD and David M. Brown, MD, FACS Pegaptanib Pharmacology Pegaptanib sodium (Macugen) is a 50 kDa pegylated modified oligonucleotide aptamer…
1 VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR BACKGROUND AND HISTORY Anthony Joseph, MD and Ehsan Rahimy, MD Early Research Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was officially discovered in 1983 as vascular permeability…
Conclusion Several factors can help to differentiate between glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy.1,2,3 Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is associated with: Older age. Elevated intraocular pressures. Thinner pachymetry. Visual acuity better than…
Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Defects Overview The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons that are covered by astrocytes and bundled by Muller cell processes.1…
