Ento Key

Congenital Abnormalities Congenital retinal vascular abnormalities are uncommon and usually benign. The most frequently encountered congenital abnormality is a large aberrant vessel of arterial or venous origin, known as a…

Vitreous Vitreous Synchisis and Syneresis Vitreous degeneration is a physiologic process that occurs with age and may be accelerated in eyes with longer axial length. As the vitreous degenerates, there…

Introduction Numerous exogenous molecules may cause toxic chorioretinitic effects. Some agents cause disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), while others produce vascular damage within the retina. Certain agents may…

Peripheral Retinal Abnormalities Each peripheral retinal abnormality poses a different level of risk for retinal detachment. Some of these lesions may be inconsequential manifestations, whereas others represent a high risk…

Abnormalities of Optic Nerve Size Optic Nerve Hypoplasia Optic nerve hypoplasia appears to be the result of excessive pruning of the optic nerve bundles during its development. The disc is…

Injections Retrobulbar Anesthetic This patient was about to have juxtafoveal laser photocoagulation for a chronic detachment. A retrobulbar anesthetic was used and the needle penetrated the posterior segment. The yellowish…

Direct Ocular Injury (Nonpenetrating and/or Nonperforating) Berlin’s Edema (Commotio Retinae) Berlin’s edema or so-called commotio retinae is a zonal area of retinal whitening due to outer photoreceptor disruption and retinal…

White Dot Syndromes Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS) Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is an acute inflammatory disorder in which patients present with unilateral, multiple, small, white spots…

Viruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Associated Retinopathy The most common retinal manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retinal microvasculopathy, also known as noninfectious acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) retinopathy….

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is an idiopathic disorder involving a focal or multifocal leak at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), usually in conjunction with…